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Entwicklung der Altersarmut in Deutschland

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  • Jan Goebel
  • Markus M. Grabka

Abstract

Since 2000, the individual monthly payments from the Germany Statutory Pension Insurance Scheme (GRV) to new male pensioners have been declining. Those entering retirement today receive an average of 7 percent less than those who retired ten years ago. At the same time, the number of recipients of old-age basic income support (Grundsicherung im Alter) has risen significantly since 2003. Nevertheless, our findings show that the general relative poverty risk for older people in Germany has remained roughly constant over the last ten years-although the poverty rate of the population as a whole has been increasing. Changing household structures may be a moderating factor: the percentage of older persons living in couple households has increased substantially in the last 20 years. Despite recent pension reforms designed to encourage private pension saving, we found that for those currently in retirement, the prevalence of private pensions is still low and varies depending on income. Finally, to describe the welfare situation of older people, we analyzed not only current income but also individual net worth. We found that one-fifth of all persons living near the poverty line possess substantial assets that they can fall back on. Among the elderly, this percentage is substantially higher: more than one-third of all people over 65. The results also show that 10 percent of elderly people have an income below the poverty line and also lack any sizeable assets. Seit dem Jahr 2000 sinken die von der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (GRV) ausgezahlten individuellen Beträge fur männliche Neurentner. Wer heute in Rente geht, erhält im Schnitt sieben Prozent weniger als jemand, der noch vor zehn Jahren in den Ruhestand wechselte. Gleichzeitig nimmt die Zahl der Bezieher von Grundsicherung im Alter seit 2003 deutlich zu. Dennoch zeigt sich, dass das generelle relative Armutsrisiko für ältere Menschen in Deutschland in den vergangenen zehn Jahren in etwa gleich geblieben ist - obwohl das Armutsrisiko für die Gesamtbevölkerung anstieg. Ein potentiell dämpfender Faktor sind veränderte Haushaltsstrukturen. Der Anteil der in Paarhaushalten lebenden älteren Menschen hat in den vergangenen 20 Jahren deutlich zugenommen. Vor dem Hintergrund der vergangenen Rentenreformen mit einer stärkeren Betonung der privaten Altersvorsorge, kann zudem aufgezeigt werden, dass bei den derzeit im Ruhestand befindlichen Personen diese Säule der Alterssicherung noch von geringer Bedeutung ist und je nach Einkommenshöhe variiert. Letztlich werden zur Beschreibung der Wohlfahrtsposition älterer Menschen neben den laufenden Einkommen auch deren individuelle Nettovermögen analysiert. Immerhin ein Fünftel aller Personen, die von relativer Einkommensarmut bedroht sind, können auf nennenswertes Vermögen zurückgreifen. Bei den älteren Menschen ist dieser Anteil deutlich höher und macht mehr als ein Drittel aus. Damit ergibt sich insgesamt ein Anteil von zehn Prozent älterer Menschen, die sowohl ein Einkommen unterhalb der Armutsrisikoschwelle aufweisen als auch über keine nennenswerten Vermögen verfügen.

Suggested Citation

  • Jan Goebel & Markus M. Grabka, 2011. "Entwicklung der Altersarmut in Deutschland," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 80(2), pages 101-118.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:80-2-7
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.80.2.101
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    1. Christian Westermeier & Anika Rasner & Markus M. Grabka, 2012. "The Prospects of the Baby Boomers: Methodological Challenges in Projecting the Lives of an Aging Cohort," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 440, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    2. Andree Ehlert, 2021. "The effects of health shocks on family status: do financial incentives encourage marriage?," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 22(9), pages 1393-1409, December.
    3. Wolfgang Nagl, 2014. "Lohnrisiko und Altersarmut im Sozialstaat," ifo Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 54.
    4. Heike Joebges & Volker Meinhard & Katja Rietzler & Rudolf Zwiener, 2012. "Auf dem Weg in die Altersarmut - Bilanz der Einführung der kapitalgedeckten Riester-Rente," IMK Report 73-2012, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
    5. Alexander Herzog-Stein & Fabian Lindner & Rudolf Zwiener, 2013. "Nur das Angebot zählt?," IMK Report 87-2013, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
    6. Christoph Butterwegge, 2014. "Altersarmut und Sozialpolitik: warum das Rentenpaket der Großen Koalition wenig zur Armutsbekämpfung beiträgt," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 83(2), pages 69-81.
    7. Kistler, Ernst & Trischler, Falko (ed.), 2014. "Reformen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Alterssicherung - Folgen für die Einkunftslage im Alter," Study / edition der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf, volume 127, number 196.
    8. Theresa Köhler, 2016. "Income and Wealth Poverty in Germany," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 857, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    9. Heike Joebges & Volker Meinhard & Katja Rietzler & Rudolf Zwiener, 2012. "On the Path to Old-Age Poverty - Assessing the Impact of the Funded Riester Pension," IMK Report 73e-2012, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
    10. Scherger, Simone & Hagemann, Steffen & Hokema, Anna & Lux, Thomas, 2012. "Between privilege and burden: Work past retirement age in Germany and the UK," Working papers of the ZeS 04/2012, University of Bremen, Centre for Social Policy Research (ZeS).
    11. Alexander Herzog-Stein & Fabian Lindner & Rudolf Zwiener, 2013. "Is the supply side all that counts?," IMK Report 87e-2013, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
    12. Indermit Gill & Johannes Koettl & Truman Packard, 2013. "Full employment: a distant dream for Europe," IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 2(1), pages 1-34, December.
    13. Michela Coppola, 2011. "Einkommens- und Vermögenssituation der Babyboomer," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 80(4), pages 31-50.
    14. Falko Trischler & Ernst Kistler, 2011. "Erwerbsverläufe und Alterseinkünfte im Paar- und Haushaltskontext," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 429, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Poverty risk; old age; SOEP;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D33 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Factor Income Distribution
    • I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

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