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Household Costs and Resistance to Germany's Energy Transition

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  • Roger Karapin

Abstract

Germany is an exemplary case of an energy transition from nuclear energy and fossil fuels toward renewables in the electricity sector, but it also demonstrates repeated, increasingly successful countermobilization by energy incumbents and their allies. The course for Germany's energy transition was largely set with the adoption of a feed‐in tariff law in 1990, but since then the energy transition has been altered by a series of policy‐making episodes, each of which was shaped by the outcomes of the previous episodes; there has been a combination of reinforcing and reactive sequences. This article uses policy windows and advocacy coalition theory, supplemented by work on resistance to carbon pricing, to analyze the four periods in which opponents of the energy transition had the greatest opportunities to limit or reverse it. It makes three main arguments intended to influence future research on energy transitions: (1) episodes of opposition to the feed‐in tariff policy occurred when problem awareness and political commitment converged, (2) the outcomes of those conflicts depended on the balance of mobilization by advocacy and opposing coalitions, and (3) rising household costs due to the renewable energy surcharge drove both problem awareness and the composition of the opposing coalition, which helped lead to a more far‐reaching retrenchment of renewable energy policy in 2014 than in earlier periods. 德国电力产业从核能和化石燃料向可再生能源过渡的能源转型是一个模范案例,并且德国还证明了由能源在位者及其盟友所发起的反动员,这种反动员进行了多次,且越来越成功。德国的能源转型进程随着1990年上网电价补贴法的采纳而基本确定,但自此能源转型被一系列决策场景所改变,每一次决策都受到之前决策结果的影响;一直存在巩固和反应的场景顺序结合。本文使用政策之窗和倡导联盟理论,加上抵制碳定价的相关研究,分析了四个时期,在这四个时期中,能源转型的反对者曾有绝佳的机会对其进行限制或逆转。本文为促进未来能源转型研究提出三个主张:1)当问题意识和政治承诺相一致时,抵制上网电价补贴政策的场景便会出现;2)这些冲突的结果取决于倡导联盟和反对联盟各自发起动员(之间)的平衡;3)由可再生能源附加费引起的不断攀升的家庭支出,推动了问题意识和反对联盟的形成,这帮助导致2014年可再生能源政策开支缩减比以往时期更为影响深远。 Alemania es un caso ejemplar de una transición energética desde la energía nuclear y los combustibles fósiles hacia las energías renovables en el sector eléctrico, pero también demuestra una contramovilización repetida y cada vez más exitosa por parte de los titulares de energía y sus aliados. El curso para la transición energética de Alemania se estableció en gran medida con la adopción de una ley de tarifas de alimentación en 1990, pero desde entonces la transición energética ha sido alterada por una serie de episodios de formulación de políticas, cada uno de los cuales fue moldeado por los resultados de episodios anteriores; Ha habido una combinación de secuencias de refuerzo y reactivas. Este artículo utiliza ventanas políticas y la teoría de la coalición de defensa, complementada por el trabajo sobre la resistencia a los precios del carbono, para analizar los cuatro períodos en los que los opositores a la transición energética tuvieron las mayores oportunidades para limitarla o revertirla. Presenta tres argumentos principales destinados a influir en la investigación futura sobre las transiciones de energía: (1) episodios de oposición a la política de tarifas de alimentación ocurrieron cuando la conciencia del problema y el compromiso político convergieron, (2) los resultados de esos conflictos dependieron del equilibrio de la movilización mediante la defensa y coaliciones opuestas, y (3) el aumento de los costos de los hogares debido al recargo de energía renovable impulsó la conciencia del problema y la composición de la coalición opositora, lo que ayudó a llevar a una reducción de mayor alcance de la política de energía renovable en 2014 que en el anterior períodos.

Suggested Citation

  • Roger Karapin, 2020. "Household Costs and Resistance to Germany's Energy Transition," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 37(3), pages 313-341, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:37:y:2020:i:3:p:313-341
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12371
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Naimeh Mohammadi & Mohammad M. Khabbazan, 2022. "The Influential Mechanisms of Power Actor Groups on Policy Mix Adoption: Lessons Learned from Feed-In Tariffs in the Renewable Energy Transition in Iran and Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-27, March.

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