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Cycles and Substitutions in Terrorist Activities: A Spectral Approach

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  • ERIC IKSOON IM
  • JON CAULEY
  • TODD SANDLER

Abstract

We use spectral analysis to provide evidence that cycles have characterized the following time series: all terrorist events, skyjackings, kidnappings, barricade and hostage‐taking, and all events not involving hostages. The series for all events had a periodicity of 28 months, while skyjackings had two significant periodicities ‐ 4.1 months and 28 months. Only a single significant periodicity was associated with barricade and hostage events and kidnappings ‐72 months and 48 months, respectively. We also found that nonlinear trends best represented four of the five series. Cross‐spectral analysis was then applied to the six possible pairs of series; each pair displays from three to nine statistically significant coherencies. Moreover, we discovered evidence of orthogonality for five of the six pairs studied. This evidence suggests that terrorists substitute between related events; this substitution primarily showed up in the short run. Mit Spektralanalysen wird Evidenz festgestellt, dass nachfolgende Zeitreihen durch Zyklen charakterisiert sind: terroristische Aktivitäten insgesamt, Flugzeugentführungen, Entführungen, Besetzungen und Geiselnahmen sowie alle Aktivitäten ohne Geiselnahmen. Für die terroristischen Aktivitäten insgesamt resultiert eine Periodizität von 28 Monaten, für die Flugzeugentführungen resultieren die zwei signifikanten Periodizitäten 4,1 Monate und 28 Monate, für Besetzungen und Geiselnahmen 72 Monate sowie für Entführungen 48 Monate. Weiter wird festgestellt, dass nichtlineare Trends vier der fünf Serien am besten wiedergeben. Kreuz‐Spektralanalysen für die sechs möglichen Paare von Zeitreihen zeigen drei bis fünf statistisch signifikante Koherenzen. Weiter wird für fünf der sechs untersuchten Paare Evidenz für Orthogonalität festgestellt. Diese Evidenz deutet an, dass Terroristen zwischen miteinander in Beziehung stehenden Aktivitäten substituieren, wobei sich diese Substitution in erster Linie für die sehr kurze Frist zeigt. Nous utilisons l'analyse spectrale pour prouver que les séries chronologiques suivantes ont été caractérisées par des cycles: tous les événements terroristes, les détournements d'avions, les entévements, les prises d'otages et même les événements n'impliquant pas des otages. Les statistiques de tous ces événements font ressortir une périodicité de 28 mois, avec deux cycles particuliers de 4,l mois et de 28 mois pour les détoumements d'avion. Les prises d'otages et les enlévements ont une seule longueur de cycle de 72 et 48 mois respectivement. Nous avons aussi trouvé que des trends non linéaires représentent le mieux quatre des cinq series sétudiées. Nous avons ensuite appliqué une analyse spectrale croisée aux six paires de séries possibles; chaque paire présente de trois à neuf cohérences statistiquement significatives. Nous avons, de plus, découvert une preuve d'orthogonalité pour cinq des six paires étudiées. Cette preuve laisse à penser que les terroristes substituent volontiers un type d'evenement à un autre; cette substitution est particuliérement marquée dans le court terme.

Suggested Citation

  • Eric Iksoon Im & Jon Cauley & Todd Sandler, 1987. "Cycles and Substitutions in Terrorist Activities: A Spectral Approach," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 238-255, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:40:y:1987:i:2:p:238-255
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb02674.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Martin Gassebner & Simon Luechinger, 2011. "Lock, stock, and barrel: a comprehensive assessment of the determinants of terror," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 149(3), pages 235-261, December.
    2. Rehman, Faiz Ur & Nasir, Muhammad & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "What have we learned? Assessing the effectiveness of counterterrorism strategies in Pakistan," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 487-495.
    3. Sandler, Todd & Enders, Walter, 2004. "An economic perspective on transnational terrorism," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 301-316, June.
    4. Andree Ehlert & Jan Seidel & Ursula Weisenfeld, 2020. "Trouble on my mind: the effect of catastrophic events on people’s worries," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 951-975, August.
    5. Phillips Peter J, 2011. "Lone Wolf Terrorism," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 17(1), pages 1-31, March.
    6. Peter Phillips, 2011. "The Life Cycle of Terrorist Organizations," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 17(4), pages 369-385, November.
    7. Bruno S. Frey & Simon Luechinger & Alois Stutzer, 2007. "Calculating Tragedy: Assessing The Costs Of Terrorism," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(1), pages 1-24, February.
    8. Bruno S. Frey & Simon Luechinger, 2005. "Measuring terrorism," Chapters, in: Alain Marciano & Jean-Michel Josselin (ed.), Law and the State, chapter 6, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    9. Brandt, Patrick T. & Sandler, Todd, 2009. "Hostage taking: Understanding terrorism event dynamics," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 758-778, September.
    10. Bruno S. Frey & Simon Luechinger, "undated". "Terrorism: Deterrence May Backfire," IEW - Working Papers 136, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich.
    11. Todd Sandler, 2003. "Collective Action and Transnational Terrorism," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(6), pages 779-802, June.
    12. Walter Enders & Todd Sandler, 2000. "Is Transnational Terrorism Becoming More Threatening?," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 44(3), pages 307-332, June.
    13. Suresh Ramakrishnan & Shamaila Butt & Melati Ahmad Anuar, 2017. "The Impact of Macroeconomic, Oil Prices and Socio-economic Factors on Exchange Rate in Pakistan: An Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Approach," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 489-499.
    14. José García-Montalvo & Marta Reynal-Querol, 2018. "Earthquakes and Terrorism: The Long Lasting Effect of Seismic Shocks," Working Papers 1020, Barcelona School of Economics.
    15. Montalvo, José G. & Reynal-Querol, Marta, 2019. "Earthquakes and terrorism: The long lasting effect of seismic shocks," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 541-561.
    16. José Garcia Montalvo & Marta Reynal-Querol, 2018. "Earthquakes and terrorism: the long lasting effect of seismic shocks," Economics Working Papers 1599, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
    17. Sean P. O'brien, 1996. "Foreign Policy Crises and the Resort to Terrorism," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 40(2), pages 320-335, June.
    18. repec:kap:iaecre:v:17:y:2011:i:4:p:369-385 is not listed on IDEAS

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