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La economia de las familias mapuches rurales: De la cuestion de la tierra a la diversificacion de fuentes de rentas

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  • Diaz, Ximena E.

Abstract

La poblacion rural mapuche, localizada fundamentalmente en la region de La Araucania, constituye uno de los segmentos sociales que actualmente mantiene mayores tasas de incidencia de la pobreza en Chile. Las politicas especificas hacia la poblacion mapuche han estado basadas durante las dos ultimas decadas en la entrega de tierras, como forma de compensar la historica desposesion de estas comunidades. Sin embargo, las evaluaciones de estas politicas de tierras senalan que no estan logrando articular una via eficaz de salida de la pobreza, mientras que algunos estudios apuntan cierta diversificacion de las rentas de las familias mapuches. Ubicado en ese contexto, este articulo recoge los resultados de una investigacion empirica que muestra como las familias mapuches rurales del valle de secano de La Araucania tienen tres estrategias princiaples de obtencion de rentas: venta de mano de obra, percepcion de subsidios sociales y produccion agricola o forestal. Estas estrategias se relacionan con variables internas de las familias y explotaciones y con los contextos socioeconomicos en los que se localizan. Al comparar estos resultados cone studios anteriores, se observa aumento del aporte de salarios y subsidios en las rentas, sin embargo, la produccion agropecuaria continua siendo importante para familias que no se insertan en el mercado laboral o que lo hacen en forma temporal. Para realizar esta investigacion se aplico una encuesta a familias rurales mapuches de las comunas de Galcarino, Temuco y Freire. Con los datos recogidos se caracterizo a familias y explotaciones, y se determinaron las rentas totales y su composicion. Luego se formaron tipos de setrategias de obtencion de rentas que fueron relacionados con las caracteristicas internas de las familias, explotaciones y del entorno. Rural Mapuche population, mainly located in the region of La Araucania, is one of the social groups presenting the highest poverty rates in Chile. Specific policies for this population have been based along the two last decades in the granting of land, as a way to compensate the historical dispossession of these communities. Nevertheless, the evaluation of these policies point out that they are not being effective in poverty reduction. At the same time, some studies indicate an emerging diversification of family incomes. In this context, this article shows how rural Mapuche families are developing three main income strategies, based on out-farm salaries, subsidies and agricultural and forest production. These strategies are related both to internal family and farm variables and to the socioeconomic contexts they are rooted. Historical comparative results show the growth of salaries and subsidies, though agricultural production continues being relevant for those families less connected to labour markets. The research was based upon a survey carried out in the communities of Galvarino, Temuco and Freire. Data was used initially for a descriptive analysis of families and farms, as well as income composition. Then, income strategy typologies were constructed to determine its relationship with families, farms and context.

Suggested Citation

  • Diaz, Ximena E., 2012. "La economia de las familias mapuches rurales: De la cuestion de la tierra a la diversificacion de fuentes de rentas," Revista Espanola de Estudios Agrosociales y Pesqueros, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Rural y Marino (formerly Ministry of Agriculture), issue 231, pages 1-38.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:spreea:187035
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.187035
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