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The Effects of Either a Mirror, Internal or External Focus Instructions on Single and Multi-Joint Tasks

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  • Israel Halperin
  • Steven Hughes
  • Derek Panchuk
  • Chris Abbiss
  • Dale W Chapman

Abstract

Training in front of mirrors is common, yet little is known about how the use of mirrors effects muscle force production. Accordingly, we investigated how performing in front of a mirror influences performance in single and multi-joint tasks, and compared the mirror condition to the established performance effects of internal focus (IF) and external focus (EF) instructions in a two part experiment. In the single-joint experiment 28 resistance-trained participants (14 males and 14 females) completed two elbow flexion maximal voluntary isometric contractions under four conditions: mirror, IF, EF and neutral instructions. During these trials, surface EMG activity of the biceps and triceps were recorded. In the multi-joint experiment the same participants performed counter-movement jumps on a force plate under the same four conditions. Single-joint experiment: EF led to greater normalized force production compared to all conditions (P≤0.02, effect-size range [ES] = 0.46–1.31). No differences were observed between neutral and mirror conditions (P = 0.15, ES = 0.15), but both were greater than IF (P

Suggested Citation

  • Israel Halperin & Steven Hughes & Derek Panchuk & Chris Abbiss & Dale W Chapman, 2016. "The Effects of Either a Mirror, Internal or External Focus Instructions on Single and Multi-Joint Tasks," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0166799
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166799
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