This file is part of IDEAS , which uses RePEc data
[ Papers |
Articles |
Software |
Books |
Chapters |
Authors |
Institutions |
JEL Classification |
NEP reports |
Search |
New papers by email |
Author registration |
Rankings |
Volunteers |
FAQ |
Blog |
Help! ]
Bankruptcy Costs, Liability Dollarization, and Vulnerability to Sudden Stops Author info | Abstract | Publisher info | Download info | Related research | Statistics Uluc Aysun (University of Connecticut)
Adam Honig (Amherst College)
Additional information is available for the following
registered author(s):
Emerging market countries that have improved institutions and attained intermediate levels of institutional quality have experienced severe financial crises following capital flow reversals. However, there is also evidence that countries with strong institutions and deep capital markets are less affected by external shocks. We reconcile these two observations using a calibrated DSGE model that extends the financial accelerator framework developed in Bernanke, Gertler, and Gilchrist (1999). The model captures financial market institutional quality with creditors. ability to recover assets from bankrupt firms. Bankruptcy costs affect vulnerability to sudden stops directly but also indirectly by affecting the degree of liability dollarization. Simulations reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between bankruptcy recovery rates and the output loss following sudden stops. We provide empirical evidence that this non-linear relationship exists.
To download:
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the
proper application to
view it first. Information about this may be contained
in the File-Format links below. In case of further problems read
the IDEAS help
page . Note that these files are not on the IDEAS
site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Paper provided by University of Connecticut, Department of Economics in its series Working papers with number
2008-41.
Download reference. The following formats are available: HTML
(with abstract ),
plain text
(with abstract ),
BibTeX ,
RIS (EndNote, RefMan, ProCite),
ReDIF
Length: 46 pages
Date of creation: Oct 2008Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:uct:uconnp:2008-41Note: We thank Jun Ishii, George Shuster, and Christian Zimmerman for helpful comments and discussions.Contact details of provider: Postal: University of Connecticut 341 Mansfield Road, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063 Phone: (860) 486-4889 Fax: (860) 486-4463 Web page: http://www.econ.uconn.edu/ More information through EDIRC
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its listing, contact: (Christian Zimmermann).
Keywords: sudden stops ; bankruptcy costs ; financial accelerator ; liability dollarization. ; Other versions of this item:
Find related papers by JEL classification: E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy F31 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Foreign Exchange F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports :
References listed on IDEAS Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile , click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.: John D. Burger & Francis E. Warnock, 2006.
"Local Currency Bond Markets ,"
NBER Working Papers
12552, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Maurice Obstfeld & Kenneth Rogoff, 2000.
"The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common Cause? ,"
NBER Working Papers
7777, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Maurice Obstfeld & Kenneth Rogoff, 2001.
"The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common Cause? ,"
International Trade
0012003, EconWPA.
[Downloadable!] Maurice Obstfeld and Kenneth Rogoff., 2000.
"The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common Cause? ,"
Center for International and Development Economics Research (CIDER) Working Papers
C00-112, University of California at Berkeley.
[Downloadable!] Maurice Obstfeld & Kenneth Rogoff, 2000.
"The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common Cause? ,"
Center for International and Development Economics Research, Working Paper Series
1010, Center for International and Development Economics Research, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley.
[Downloadable!] Maurice Obstfeld & Kenneth Rogoff, 2001.
"The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common Cause? ,"
NBER Chapters ,
in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Volume 15, pages 339-412
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] Benjamin Hermalin & Andrew K. Rose & Peter M. Garber & Andrew Crockett & David W. Mullins, Jr, 1999.
"Risks to Lenders and Borrowers in International Capital Markets ,"
NBER Chapters ,
in: International Capital Flows, pages 363-420
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: Bernanke, Ben S. & Gertler, Mark & Gilchrist, Simon, 1999.
"The financial accelerator in a quantitative business cycle framework ,"
Handbook of Macroeconomics ,
in: J. B. Taylor & M. Woodford (ed.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 21, pages 1341-1393
Elsevier.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Ben Bernanke & Mark Gertler & Simon Gilchrist, 1998.
"The Financial Accelerator in a Quantitative Business Cycle Framework ,"
NBER Working Papers
6455, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Bernanke, B. & Gertler, M. & Gilchrist, S., 1998.
"The Financial Accelerator in a Quantitative Business Cycle Framework ,"
Working Papers
98-03, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University.
[Downloadable!] Hausmann, Ricardo & Panizza, Ugo, 2003.
"On the determinants of Original Sin: an empirical investigation ,"
Journal of International Money and Finance ,
Elsevier, vol. 22(7), pages 957-990, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
James E. Anderson & Eric van Wincoop, 2004.
"Trade Costs ,"
Boston College Working Papers in Economics
593, Boston College Department of Economics.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:
James E. Anderson & Eric van Wincoop, 2004.
"Trade Costs ,"
NBER Working Papers
10480, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) James E. Anderson & Eric van Wincoop, 2004.
"Trade Costs ,"
Journal of Economic Literature ,
American Economic Association, vol. 42(3), pages 691-751, September.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Carlos Arteta, 2005.
"Exchange Rate Regimes and Financial Dollarization: Does Flexibility Reduce Currency Mismatches in Bank Intermediation? ,"
Topics in Macroeconomics ,
Berkeley Electronic Press, vol. 5(1), pages 1226-1226.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Guillermo Calvo & Frederic S. Mishkin, 2003.
"The Mirage of Exchange Rate Regimes for Emerging Market Countries ,"
NBER Working Papers
9808, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Choi, Woon Gyu & Cook, David, 2004.
"Liability dollarization and the bank balance sheet channel ,"
Journal of International Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 247-275, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Iacoviello, Matteo & Minetti, Raoul, 2006.
"International business cycles with domestic and foreign lenders ,"
Journal of Monetary Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 53(8), pages 2267-2282, November.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Clarida, Richard & Gali, Jordi & Gertler, Mark, 2002.
"A simple framework for international monetary policy analysis ,"
Journal of Monetary Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 49(5), pages 879-904, July.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Clarida, Richard & Galí, Jordi & Gertler, Mark, 2002.
"A Simple Framework for International Monetary Policy Analysis ,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
3355, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Richard Clarida & Jordi Gali & Mark Gertler, 2002.
"A Simple Framework for International Monetary Policy Analysis ,"
NBER Working Papers
8870, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro & Moore, John, 1997.
"Credit Cycles ,"
Journal of Political Economy ,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 105(2), pages 211-48, April.
Other versions:
Nobuhiro Kiyotaki & John Moore, 1995.
"Credit Cycles ,"
NBER Working Papers
5083, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) John Moore & Nobuhiro Kiyotaki, .
"Credit Cycles ,"
Discussion Papers
1995-5, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh.
Ryo Kato, 2003.
"Matlab code for Kiyotaki-Moore credit cycles ,"
QM&RBC Codes
113, Quantitative Macroeconomics & Real Business Cycles.
[Downloadable!] John D. Burger & Francis E. Warnock, 2006.
"Local Currency Bond Markets ,"
IMF Staff Papers ,
Palgrave Macmillan Journals, vol. 53(si), pages 7.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Frankel, Jeffrey & Cavallo, Eduardo, 2004.
"Does Openness to Trade Make Countries More Vulnerable to Sudden Stops, or Less? Using Gravity to Establish Causality ,"
Working Paper Series
rwp04-038, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:
Eduardo A. Cavallo & Jeffrey Frankel, 2007.
"Does Openness to Trade Make Countries More Vulnerable to Sudden Stops, or Less? Using Gravity to Establish Causality ,"
RES Working Papers
4544, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
[Downloadable!] Jeffrey A. Frankel & Eduardo A. Cavallo, 2004.
"Does Openness to Trade Make Countries More Vulnerable to Sudden Stops, Or Less? Using Gravity to Establish Causality ,"
NBER Working Papers
10957, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Cavallo, Eduardo A. & Frankel, Jeffrey A., 2008.
"Does openness to trade make countries more vulnerable to sudden stops, or less? Using gravity to establish causality ,"
Journal of International Money and Finance ,
Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1430-1452, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Mark Gertler & Simon Gilchrist & Fabio M. Natalucci, 2007.
"External Constraints on Monetary Policy and the Financial Accelerator ,"
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking ,
Blackwell Publishing, vol. 39(2-3), pages 295-330, 03.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Mark Gertler & Simon Gilchrist & Fabio M. Natalucci, 2003.
"External constraints on monetary policy and the financial accelerator ,"
BIS Working Papers
139, Bank for International Settlements.
[Downloadable!] Mark Gertler & Simon Gilchrist & Fabio Natalucci, 2003.
"External Constraints on Monetary Policy and the Financial Accelerator ,"
NBER Working Papers
10128, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Mark Gertler & Simon Gilchrist & Fabio Natalucci, 2001.
"External constraints on monetary policy and the financial accelerator ,"
Proceedings ,
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, issue Mar.
[Downloadable!] Cristina Arellano & Enrique Mendoza, 2002.
"Credit Frictions and 'Sudden Stops' in Small Open Economies: An Equilibrium Business Cycle Framework for Emerging Markets Crises ,"
RES Working Papers
4307, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: Basu, S.: Fernald, J.G., 1993.
"Constant Returns and Small Markups in U.S. Manufacturing ,"
Papers
93-19, Michigan - Center for Research on Economic & Social Theory.
Other versions: De Nicolo, Gianni & Honohan, Patrick & Ize, Alain, 2003.
"Dollarization of the banking system : good or bad? ,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
3116, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: Michele Boldrin & Lawrence J. Christiano & Jonas D. M. Fisher, 2000.
"Habit persistence, asset returns and the business cycle ,"
Staff Report
280, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:
Michele Boldrin & Lawrence J. Christiano & Jonas D.M. Fisher, 1999.
"Habit persistence, asset returns and the business cycles ,"
Working Paper Series
WP-99-14, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Michele Boldrin & Lawrence J. Christiano & Jonas D. M. Fisher, 2001.
"Habit Persistence, Asset Returns, and the Business Cycle ,"
American Economic Review ,
American Economic Association, vol. 91(1), pages 149-166, March.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Mendoza, Enrique G. & Smith, Katherine A., 2006.
"Quantitative implications of a debt-deflation theory of Sudden Stops and asset prices ,"
Journal of International Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 82-114, September.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Raghuram G. Rajan & Luigi Zingales, 1998.
"Which Capitalism? Lessons from the East Asian Crisis ,"
CRSP working papers
486, Center for Research in Security Prices, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: Eswar S. Prasad & Kenneth S. Rogoff & Shang-Jin Wei & M. Ayhan Kose, 2004.
"Financial Globalization, Growth and Volatility in Developing Countries ,"
NBER Working Papers
10942, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Kose, Ayhan & Prasad, Eswar & Rogoff, Kenneth & Wei, Shang-Jin, 2004.
"Financial Globalization, Growth and Volatility in Developing Countries ,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
4772, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Eswar S. Prasad & Kenneth Rogoff & Shang-Jin Wei & M. Ayhan Kose, 2007.
"Financial Globalization, Growth and Volatility in Developing Countries ,"
NBER Chapters ,
in: Globalization and Poverty, pages 457-516
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] Martin Schneider & Aaron Tornell, 2000.
"Balance SHeet Effects, Bailout Guarantees and Financial Crises ,"
NBER Working Papers
8060, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Pablo A. Neumeyer & Fabrizio Perri, 2004.
"Business Cycles in Emerging Economies: The Role of Interest Rates ,"
NBER Working Papers
10387, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Pablo Andres Neumeyer & Fabrizio Perri, 1999.
"Business Cycles in Emerging Economies: the role of interest rates ,"
Department of Economics Working Papers
014, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella.
[Downloadable!] Neumeyer, Pablo Andrés & Perri, Fabrizio, 2004.
"Business Cycles in Emerging Economies: The Role of Interest Rates ,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
4482, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Pablo A. Neumeyer & Fabrizio Perri, 2004.
"Business cycles in emerging economies: the role of interest rates ,"
Staff Report
335, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
[Downloadable!] Pablo A. Neumeyer & Fabrizio Perri, 2001.
"Business Cycles in Emerging Economies:The Role of Interest Rates ,"
Working Papers
01-12, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics.
[Downloadable!] Neumeyer, Pablo A. & Perri, Fabrizio, 2005.
"Business cycles in emerging economies: the role of interest rates ,"
Journal of Monetary Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 345-380, March.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Honig, Adam, 2009.
"Dollarization, exchange rate regimes and government quality ,"
Journal of International Money and Finance ,
Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 198-214, March.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Carlstrom, Charles T & Fuerst, Timothy S, 1997.
"Agency Costs, Net Worth, and Business Fluctuations: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis ,"
American Economic Review ,
American Economic Association, vol. 87(5), pages 893-910, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Fabio Kanczuk, 2004.
"Real Interest Rates and Brazilian Business Cycles ,"
Review of Economic Dynamics ,
Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 7(2), pages 436-455, April.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Fernandez-Arias, Eduardo & Montiel, Peter J., 1995.
"The surge in capital inflows to developing countries : prospects and policy response ,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
1473, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
Mendoza, Enrique G, 1991.
"Real Business Cycles in a Small Open Economy ,"
American Economic Review ,
American Economic Association, vol. 81(4), pages 797-818, September.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Eduardo A. Cavallo, 2005.
"Trade, gravity, and sudden stops: on how commercial trade can increase the stability of capital flows ,"
Working Paper
2005-23, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: Correia, Isabel & Neves, Joao C. & Rebelo, Sergio, 1995.
"Business cycles in a small open economy ,"
European Economic Review ,
Elsevier, vol. 39(6), pages 1089-1113, June.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Robert G. King & Alexander L. Wolman, 1996.
"Inflation Targeting in a St. Louis Model of the 21st Century ,"
NBER Working Papers
5507, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Robert S. Chirinko, 1993.
"Business fixed investment spending: a critical survey of modeling strategies, empirical results, and policy implications ,"
Research Working Paper
93-01, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
Other versions: Alejandro Izquierdo & Ernesto Talvi & Guillermo A. Calvo, 2002.
"Sudden Stops, the Real Exchange Rate and Fiscal Sustainability: Argentina's Lessons ,"
RES Working Papers
4299, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: Guillermo A. Calvo & Alejandro Izquierdo & Luis-Fernando Mejia, 2004.
"On the Empirics of Sudden Stops: The Relevance of Balance-Sheet Effects ,"
NBER Working Papers
10520, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Shang-Jin Wei, 2000.
"Corruption, composition of capital flows, and currency crises ,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2429, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
Taylor, John B., 1993.
"Discretion versus policy rules in practice ,"
Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy ,
Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 195-214, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Honig, Adam, 2008.
"Do improvements in government quality necessarily reduce the incidence of costly sudden stops? ,"
Journal of Banking & Finance ,
Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 360-373, March.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Ricardo J. Caballero & Arvind Krishnamurthy, 2003.
"Excessive Dollar Debt: Financial Development and Underinsurance ,"
Journal of Finance ,
American Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 867-894, 04.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Adolfson, Malin & Laseen, Stefan & Linde, Jesper & Villani, Mattias, 2007.
"Bayesian estimation of an open economy DSGE model with incomplete pass-through ,"
Journal of International Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 72(2), pages 481-511, July.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Correia, I. & Rabelo, S. & Naves, J.C., 1994.
"Business Cycles in a Small Open Economy ,"
RCER Working Papers
382, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER).
Other versions: Honohan, Patrick & Shi, Anging, 2001.
"Deposit dollarization and the financial sector in emerging economies ,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2748, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
Michael B. Devereux & Charles Engel, 2000.
"Monetary Policy in the Open Economy Revisited: Price Setting and Exchange Rate Flexibility ,"
NBER Working Papers
7665, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Michael Devereux & Charles Engel, 2000.
"Monetary Policy in the Open Economy Revisited: Price Setting and Exchange Rate Flexibiity ,"
Discussion Papers in Economics at the University of Washington
0016, Department of Economics at the University of Washington.
[Downloadable!] Michael B. Devereux & Charles Engel, 2000.
"Monetary Policy in the Open Economy Revisited: Price Setting and Exchange Rate Flexibility ,"
Working Papers
042000, Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research.
[Downloadable!] Michael Devereux & Charles Engel, 2000.
"Monetary Policy in the Open Economy Revisited: Price Setting and Exchange Rate Flexibiity ,"
Working Papers
0016, University of Washington, Department of Economics.
[Downloadable!] Michael B. Devereux & Charles Engel, 2003.
"Monetary Policy in the Open Economy Revisited: Price Setting and Exchange-Rate Flexibility ,"
Review of Economic Studies ,
Blackwell Publishing, vol. 70(4), pages 765-783, October.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Laura Alfaro & Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan & Vadym Volosovych, 2005.
"Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? An Empirical Investigation ,"
NBER Working Papers
11901, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan & Laura Alfaro & Vadym Volosovych, 2003.
"Why doesn’t Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? An Empirical Investigation ,"
Working Papers
2003-01, Department of Economics, University of Houston.
[Downloadable!] Laura Alfaro & Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan, 2004.
"Why doesn't capital flow from rich to poor countries? An empirical investigation ,"
2004 Meeting Papers
53, Society for Economic Dynamics.
Laura Alfaro & Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan & Vadym Volosovych, 2008.
"Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? An Empirical Investigation ,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics ,
MIT Press, vol. 90(2), pages 347-368, 01.
[Downloadable!] (restricted) Ize, Alain & Yeyati, Eduardo Levy, 2003.
"Financial dollarization ,"
Journal of International Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 59(2), pages 323-347, March.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Aghion, Philippe & Bacchetta, Philippe & Banerjee, Abhijit, 2004.
"Financial development and the instability of open economies ,"
Journal of Monetary Economics ,
Elsevier, vol. 51(6), pages 1077-1106, September.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Agarwal, Sumit & Mohtadi, Hamid, 2004.
"Financial markets and the financing choice of firms: Evidence from developing countries ,"
Global Finance Journal ,
Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 57-70.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Martin Lettau & Harald Uhlig, 2000.
"Can Habit Formation be Reconciled with Business Cycle Facts? ,"
Review of Economic Dynamics ,
Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 3(1), pages 79-99, January.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: Pierre Collin-Dufresne, 2001.
"The Determinants of Credit Spread Changes ,"
Journal of Finance ,
American Finance Association, vol. 56(6), pages 2177-2207, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Constantinides, George M, 1990.
"Habit Formation: A Resolution of the Equity Premium Puzzle ,"
Journal of Political Economy ,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(3), pages 519-43, June.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Full
references
Access and
download statistics Did you know? RePEc and its associated services are free for contributors and users, and do not accept any advertising.
This page was last updated on 2009-10-28.
This information is provided to you by IDEAS at the Department of Economics , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , University of Connecticut using RePEc data on a server sponsored by the Society for Economic Dynamics .